Practical application of the ideal protein concept in pigs (2025)

Chen, X., Song, P., Fan, P., He, T., Jacobs, D., Levesque, C. L., Johnston, L.J., Ji, L., Ma, N., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., & Ma, X. (2018). Moderate dietary protein restriction optimized gut microbiota and mucosal barrier in growing pig model. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol, 8, 246. Doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00246

Dubeau, F., Julien, P.O., & Pomar, C. (2011). Formulating diets for growing pigs: economic and environmental considerations. Annals of Operations Research, 190(1), 239-269. Doi: 10.1007/s10479-009-0633-1

Fan, P., Liu, P., Song, P., Chen, X., & Ma, X. (2017). Moderate dietary protein restriction alters the composition of gut microbiota and improves ileal barrier function in adult pig model. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-12. Doi: 10.1038/srep43412

Figueroa, J.L., Martinez, J.A., Sanchez-Torres, M.T., Cordero, J.L., Martinez, M., Valdez, V.M., & Ruiz, A. (2019). Evaluation of reduced amino acids diets added with protected protease on productive performance in 25-100 kg barrows. Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 51(2), 53-60. Doi: 10.4067/ S0719-81322019000200053

Gloaguen, M., Le Floc’h, N., Corrent, E., Primot, Y., & van Milgen, J. (2014). The use of free amino acids allows formulating very low crude protein diets for piglets. Journal of Animal Science, 92(2), 637-644. Doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-6514

González, M., Figueroa, J.L., Vaquera, H., Sánchez-Torres, M.T., Ortega, M.E., Copado, J.M.F., & Martínez, J.A. (2016). Meta-análisis del efecto de dietas bajas en proteína y adicionada con aminoácidos sintéticos para cerdos machos castrados en finalización. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 48(1), 50-58.

Guay, F., Donovan, S.M., & Trottier, N.L. (2006). Biochemical and morphological developments are partially impaired in intestinal mucosa from growing pigs fed reduced-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Journal of Animal Science, 84(7), 1749-1760. Doi: 10.2527/jas.2005-558

Hayes, E.T., Leek, A.B.G., Curran, T.P., Dodd, V.A., Carton, O.T., Beattie, V.E., & O’Doherty, J.V. (2004). The influence of diet crude protein level on odour and ammonia emissions from pig houses. Bioresource Technology, 91(3), 309-315. Doi: 10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00184-6

He, L., Wu, L., Xu, Z., Li, T., Yao, K., Cui, Z., Yin, Y., & Wu, G. (2016). Low-protein diets affect ileal amino acid digestibility and gene expression of digestive enzymes in growing and finishing pigs. Amino Acids, 48(1), 21-30. Doi: 10.1007/s00726-015-2059-1

Leek, A.B., Hayes, E.T., Curran, T.P., Callan, J.J., Beattie, V.E., Dodd, V.A., & O’Doherty, J.V. (2007). The influence of manure composition on emissions of odour and ammonia from finishing pigs fed different concentrations of dietary crude protein. Bioresource Technology, 98(18), 3431-3439. Doi: 10.1016/j. biortech.2006.11.003

Li, Y. H., Li, F. N., Duan, Y. H., Guo, Q. P., Wen, C. Y., Wang, W. L., Huang, X.G., & Yin, Y. L. (2018). Lowprotein diet improves meat quality of growing and finishing pigs through changing lipid metabolism, fiber characteristics, and free amino acid profile of the muscle. Journal of Animal Science, 96(8), 3221- 3232. Doi: 10.1093/jas/sky116

Li, Y., Li, F., Chen, S., Duan, Y., Guo, Q., Wang, W., Wen, C., & Yin, Y. (2016). Protein-restricted diet regulates lipid and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(49), 9412-9420. Doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03959

Luo, Z., Li, C., Cheng, Y., Hang, S., & Zhu, W. (2015). Effects of low dietary protein on the metabolites and microbial communities in the caecal digesta of piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 69(3), 212-226. Doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2015.1034521

Lynegaard, J.C., Kjeldsen, N.J., Bache, J.K., Weber, N.R., Hansen, C.F., Nielsen, J.P., & Amdi, C. (2021). Low protein diets without medicinal zinc oxide for weaned pigs reduced diarrhoea treatments and average daily gain. Animal, 15(1), 100075. Doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100075

Molist, F., Pijlman, J., van der Aar, P.J., Rovers, M., Ensink, J., & Corrent, E. (2016). Effect of low crude protein diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 94 (3). 226-229. Doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9733

Niyazov, N.S.A., Cherepanov, G.G., & Ostrenko, K.S. (2020). Use of low-protein diets for growing pigs to reduce fecal nitrogen excretion. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10, 313-316.

Nyachoti, M., & Lee, J. (2020). 13 Opportunities for using low-protein diets for weanling pigs to improve intestinal health. Journal of Animal Science, 98 (3). 18-19. Doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa054.031

NRC, National Research Council. (1998). Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th Ed. National Academy Press. Washington DC, USA. 212 p.

NRC, National Research Council. (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 11th Ed. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, USA. 400p.

Opapeju, F.O., Rodriguez-Lecompte, J.C., Rademacher, M., Krause, D.O., & Nyachoti, C.M. (2015). Low crude protein diets modulate intestinal responses in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 95(1), 71-78. Doi: 10.4141/cjas-2014-071

Peng, X., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Yan, C., Fang, Z. F., Lin, Y., Wu, C.M., Chen, D.W., Sunn, H., Wu, D., & Che, L.Q. (2016). Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with indispensable amino acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology and immunological parameters in 13 to 35 kg pigs. Animal, 10(11), 1812-1820. Doi: 10.1017/S1751731116000999

Pieper, R., Kröger, S., Richter, J.F., Wang, J., Martin, L., Bindelle, J., Htoo, J.K., von Smolinski, D., Vahjen, W., Zentek, J., & van Kessel, A. G. (2012). Fermentable fiber ameliorates fermentable protein-induced changes in microbial ecology, but not the mucosal response, in the colon of piglets. The Journal of Nutrition, 142 (4). 661-667. Doi: 10.3945/jn.111.156190

Qin, C., Huang, P., Qiu, K., Sun, W., Xu, L., Zhang, X., & Yin, J. (2015). Influences of dietary protein sources and crude protein levels on intracellular free amino acid profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing gilts. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 6(52), 1-10.

Ren, M., Zhang, S. H., Zeng, X. F., Liu, H., & Qiao, S. Y. (2015). Branched-chain amino acids are beneficial to maintain growth performance and intestinal immune-related function in weaned piglets fed protein restricted diet. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 28(12), 1742-1750. Doi: 10.5713/ajas.14.0131

Seradj, A.R., Balcells, J., Morazan, H., Alvarez-Rodriguez, J., Babot, D., & De la Fuente, G. (2018). The impact of reducing dietary crude protein and increasing total dietary fiber on hindgut fermentation, the methanogen community and gas emission in growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 245, 54-66. Doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.005

Shimizu, M. (2004). Food-derived peptides and intestinal functions. Biofactors, 21, 43-47.

Trabue, S.L., Kerr, B.J., Scoggin, K.D., Andersen, D., & Van Weelden, M. (2021). Swine diets impact manure characteristics and gas emissions: Part I protein level. Science of the Total Environment, 755 (2), 142528. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142528

Wang, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, G., Cai, S., Zeng, X., & Qiao, S. (2018). Advances in low-protein diets for swine. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 9, 1-14.

Wang, Y.M., Yu, H.T., Zhou, J.Y., Zeng, X.F., Wang, G., Cai, S., Huang, S., Zhu, Z.P., Tan, J.J., Johnston L.J., Levesque C.L., & Qiao, S.Y. (2019). Effects of feeding growing-finishing pigs with low crude protein diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and nutrient digestibility in different areas of China. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 256, 114256. Doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114256

Wang, H., Long, W., Chadwick, D., Velthof, G.L., Oenema, O., Ma, W., Wang, J., Qin, W., Hou, Y., & Zhang, F. (2020). Can dietary manipulations improve the productivity of pigs with lower environmental and economic cost? A global meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 289, 106748.

Wu, L., Zhang, X., Tang, Z., Li, Y., Li, T., Xu, Q., Zhen, J., Huang, F., Yang, J., Chen, C., Wu, Z., Li, M., Sun, J., Chen, C., An, R., Zhao, S., Jiang, Q., Zhu, W., Yin, Y., & Sun, Z. (2018). Low-protein diets decrease porcine nitrogen excretion but with restrictive effects on amino acid utilization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(31), 8262-8271.

Yen, J.T., Kerr, B.J., Easter, R.A., & Parkhurst, A.M. (2004). Difference in rates of net portal absorption between crystalline and protein-bound lysine and threonine in growing pigs fed once daily. Journal of Animal Science, 82, 1079-90.

Yu, D., Zhu, W., & Hang, S. (2019). Effects of long-term dietary protein restriction on intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes, gut hormones, and colonic microbiota in pigs. Animals, 9(4), 180.

Zamora, V., Figueroa, J.L., Reyna, L., Cordero, J.L., Sánchez-Torres, M.T., & Martínez, M. (2011). Growth performance, carcass characteristics and plasma urea nitrogen concentration of nursery pigs fed lowprotein diets supplemented with glucomannans or protease. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 39, 53- 56.

Zhao, J., Zhang, X., Liu, H., Brown, M.A., & Qiao, S. (2019). Dietary protein and gut microbiota composition and function. Current Protein and Peptide Science, 20(2), 145-154.

Zhou, L., Fang, L., Sun, Y., Su, Y., & Zhu, W. (2016). Effects of the dietary protein level o

Practical application of the ideal protein concept in pigs (2025)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Recommended Articles
Article information

Author: Trent Wehner

Last Updated:

Views: 5921

Rating: 4.6 / 5 (76 voted)

Reviews: 91% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Trent Wehner

Birthday: 1993-03-14

Address: 872 Kevin Squares, New Codyville, AK 01785-0416

Phone: +18698800304764

Job: Senior Farming Developer

Hobby: Paintball, Calligraphy, Hunting, Flying disc, Lapidary, Rafting, Inline skating

Introduction: My name is Trent Wehner, I am a talented, brainy, zealous, light, funny, gleaming, attractive person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.